Image Processing

Image Resolution
Resolution can be defined as "the ability of an imaging system to record fine details in a distinguishable manner". A working knowledge of resolution is essential for understanding both practical and conceptual details of remote sensing. Along with the actual positioning of spectral bands, they are of paramount importance in determining the suitability of remotely sensed data for a given applications. The major characteristics of imaging remote sensing instrument operating in the visible and infrared spectral region are described in terms as follow:

• Spectral resolution


• Radiometric resolution


• Spatial resolution


• Temporal resolution
  

Feature Extraction
Feature Extraction does not mean geographical features visible on the image but rather "statistical" characteristics of image data like individual bands or combination of band values that carry information concerning systematic variation within the scene. Thus in a multispectral data it helps in portraying the necessity elements of the image. It also reduces the number of spectral bands that has to be analyzed. After the feature extraction is complete the analyst can work with the desired channels or bands, but inturn the individual bandwidths are more potent for information. Finally such a pre-processing increases the speed and reduces the cost of analysis.
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Topographic Mapping

One of the most widely used of all maps is the topographic map. The feature that most distinguishes topographic maps from maps of other types is the use of contour lines to portray the shape and elevation of the land. Topographic maps render the three-dimensional ups and downs of the terrain on a two-dimensional surface.

Topographic maps usually portray both natural and manmade features. They show and name works of nature including mountains, valleys, plains, lakes, rivers, and vegetation. They also identify the principal works of man, such as roads, boundaries, transmission lines, and major buildings.The wide range of information provided by topographic maps make them extremely useful to professional and recreational map users alike. Topographic maps are used for engineering, energy exploration, natural resource conservation, environmental management, public works design, commercial and residential planning, and outdoor activities like hiking, camping, and fishing.

Topographic maps are different from other maps because they show the shape and elevation of features of landscape such as mountains and valleys. Here, you will investigate what the elements of a topographic map are, and how they are used.

- Topographic mapping is a vital resource for a wide range of applications including
- emergency and disaster response,
- national defence,
- asset and facilities management,
- demographics analysis,
- environmental monitoring,
- mineral and energy exploration,
- fleet and logistics management,
- graphic presentation of thematic data,
- infrastructure planning,
- other map production,
- market analysis, navigation and positioning,
- route planning,
- risk assessment,
- surveillance, and
- teaching.

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Parcel Mapping

Geographic Information System (GIS) is an accurate map delineating land parcel ownership. Many states have strict requirements for this mapping, as an accurate cadastral map is commonly a primary tool in the assessment of land values for tax purposes. In a digital format and linked to an assessment database, the GIS user can quickly query a variety of features. The quality of this mapping affects the confidence the user has in analysis results. Good decisions are based on good data.

A "parcel map" is a legal mechanism to subdivide real property into smaller parcels. In certain circumstances, there is a limit to the number of parcels that can be created by using the parcel map process. Typically, a maximum of four (4) residential parcels can be created with a parcel map. Consequently, the required improvements to the infrastructure are considerably less than that required of larger projects.

The parcel map process is typically used by landowners who are not "developers," but who happen to have a large piece of property and desire to create smaller parcels. A landowner can only use the parcel map process once, in most circumstances, otherwise future divisions of the same or adjacent property by the same property owner will require a tract map

The cadastral map has four main purposes:
1.) Provides a cartographic record of official and sometimes private land surveys and subdivisions.
2.) Facilitates the administration and transfer of Crown Lands.
3.) Records land ownership.
4. )Assists in the valuation and taxation of land
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